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English Report Text

02.10 |

Report Text

To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made and social phenomena in our environment.

Generic Structure

· General Classification : tells what the phenomena under discussion is.

· Description : tells what the phenomena under discussion is like in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviours, if living; uses, if non-natural.

Significant

-          Focus on generic participants.
-          Use of relational processes to state what is and that which it is.
-          Use of Simple Present Tense.
-          No temporal sequence.

Example of Report text

Kinds of Earthquake

Earthquake often happens around us. It brings great damages. Earthquake is hard to be predicted and that makes lot victims.

Actually there are three kinds of earthquake. This kinds of earthquake are commonly base on the factor and geological area where the earthquakes happen. These three kinds of earthquake are tectonic, volcanic and explosion.

Tectonic earthquakes is most common one. This kind of earthquake happens while earth's crust rocks break because of the geological strength created by moving of the earth's plates.

Volcanic earthquakes happen exactly with volcanic activity. Volcanic earthquakes are when the volcano produces acidic lava, which drys quickly, when it drys quickly it blocks the top of the volcano. This make no more magma can escape. Pressure starts to build up and eventually the acidic lava can no longer stand the pressure. So the volcano is free to explode, the pressure is released so fast that an earthquake is caused. A volcanic earthquake is usually kept within 10-20 miles of the volcano.

Explosion earthquakes are the result of the collapse earthquakes that are small earthquakes occurring in underground mines and caverns.

Birds

Birds are interesting flying animals. They are vertebrates and warm blooded animals. They belong to aves class and they can be found all over the world.

Birds breath with their air pocket. Beside as respiration organ, air pocket also can enlarge or reduce their weight when flying or swimming.

There are many kinds of birds. Earth bird has special characteristic. They have different morphology according to their food and their habitat. Some of them eat seeds, pollen, fish or meat. There are some species that live in land and the others live in water. Land birds live on their nest.

Female birds have specific tasks. they lay eggs and feed their baby, Beside that they look for foods for their baby.

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English Descriptive Text

02.05 |

Descriptive Text

Is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. The social function of desriptive text is to describe a particular person, place or thing.

Generic Structure

· Identification : Write the name of person, place or thing with a brief description.

· Description : Describe parts, qualities and characteristics of person, place or thing.

Linguistic Features

- Specific Participants

- Lingking Verbs

- Simple Present Tense

- Adjective

- Noun Phrase

- Adverb

Example of Descriptive text

Borobudur

Borobudur is a great Buddhist temple.

The temple is located in Magelang on the island of Java in Indonesia.Built in the 9th century under the Syailendra dynasty of Java, it was abandoned in the 11th century and partially excavated by archaeologists in the early 20th century.

Influenced by the Gupta architecture of India, the temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consists of eight steps like stone terraces, one on top of the other.The first five terraces are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Buddhist sclupture in bas-relief, the upper three are circular, each with a circle of bell-shaped stupas (Buddhist shrines).The entire edifice is crowned by a large stupa at the center of the top circle.Th eway to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passages and stairways.The design of Borobudur, a temple-mountain symbolizing the structure of the universe, influenced temple built at Angkor, Cambodia.Borobudur was rededicated as an Indonesian National Monument in 1983 following extensive reclamation, aided by the United Nations.

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English Direct and Indirect Speech

23.18 |

Direct and Indirect Speech

When we want to restate what exactly a speaker uttered, we use indirect speech.In this type of speech, which is also called reported speech, we use no quotation marks and we frequently change the pronouns and possessive adjectives from one person to another.To make the restatement remain logical, we have to follow the rule of sequence of tenses.

Sequence of Tenses

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple Present Tense	Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense	Past Perfect Tense
Present Continuous Tense	Past Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense	Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense	Past Perfect Tense
Simple Future Tense	Past Future Tense

Change in Adverbs

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Here	There
Now	Then
Ago	Before/earlier
Today/tonight	That day/that night
Yesterday	The day before/the next day
Tomorrow	The following day/the next day
Last week/last month	The week before/the month before
Tomorrow morning/afternoon	The following morning/afternoon
Next week/month	The following week/month

Example

· Tina and Tino said, “We are going to renovate our house immediately.”

· Tina and Tino said that they were going to renovate their house immediately.

v Rosa said, “I don’t like working at night.”

v Rosa sid that she didn’t like working at night

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English Narrative Text

23.13 |

Narrative Text

Narrative text tells an imaginary story but the story maybe based on fact.The purpose of the narrative text is to entertain the readers.

Social Function

To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in diferrent ways.Narrative deal with problematic events wich lead to a crisis or turning point of some kid, wich in turn finds a resolution.

Generic Structure

· Orientation

The opening of a story sets the mood by defining the setting, time, main, character, and other information to give the reader an ‘orientation’ or starting point.

· Complication

This is the main body of the story.It outlines an event or sequence of events that leads the characters into a complication (confilct arises)

· Resolution

The crisis is resolved, for better or for worse

· Re-orientation

Optional

Significant Features

1. Focus on specific and usually individualized participants.

2. Use of material processes.

3. Use of relational and mental processes.

4. Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumtances.

5. Use of past tense

Example for Narrative Text

A Stupid Man and His Cows

One day, a stupid man went to market. He bought six cows. After that, he rode one cow home and made the others walk in front of him. On the way he counted them, but he could only see five cows. He counted them again and again. He was certain that he had lost one. He was afraid that he would be scolded by his wife.

His wife was waiting for him in front of their house. As soon as he saw her, he said sadly that he had lost one of their cows. He did not know how it could happen. He was very careful.

Then, his wife asked him how many cows he bought. The stupid man answered that he bought six cows. However, he could only see five of them. His wife looked at him and laughed. She said that he was very stupid. There was not one cow less. There was one more.

Goldilocks And The Three Bears

One upon a time, there lived a little girl named goldilocks. She had golden hair. She was pretty and cute. She Lived with her mother. One day she went into a forest. She was lost there.

She found a little hut. She knocked and, when no one answer. She walkied right in.

On the table in the kitchen, there are three bowls of porrige, Goldilocks was hungry. She tasted the porrige from the first porrige, " yeaks, the taste is salty" she exchomed. So she tasted the second porrige," uh, this porrige taste is sweety" she said. So, the taste the last porrige," ahh, this porrige just right it, she said happily and she ate all up.

After full eaten the porrige. She was felt tired. So, she walked into the living room. In the living room, she saw three chairs. Goldilocks sit in the first chair to rest her feets," this chair is too high" she exchomed. So she sit in the second chair, "hmm, this chair, is too softness!" she said. She tried the last and smallest chair, "ahh, this chair is just right." she said. But just as she sit down into the chair to rest, it broke into pieces!

Goldilocks was very tired by this time, so she went upstrairs to the bedroom. She lay down in the first bed, but is was to hard. Then she lay in the second bed, but it was too soft. Then she lay down in the thrid bed. It was just right. And Goldilocks fell asleep.

The three bears came home to rest and the will eat porrige. At the kitchen, it was so suprise," Someone have been eating my porrige" jroweld the father bear. " Someone have been eating my porrige too" Said mother bear. "Someone have been eating my porrige and eat all up" say the baby bear.

The three bears went into the living room to take rest. In the living room, papa bear groweled " Someone have been sitting in my chair"." Someone have been sitting in my chair" Said mama bear. " Someone have been sitting in my chair and they've broken it all to pieces " cried the baby bear.

They decided to look around some more and when they go upstairs to the bedroom, papa bear groweled " someone have been sleeping in my bed ". " Someone have been sleeping in my bed too" said mama bear. " Someone have been sleeping in my bed, and she's still there!" said baby bear. Just then, Goldilocks woke up and saw the three bears. She screames, " Help! "

And she jumped up and ran out of the room. Goldilocks ran down the stairs. opened the door, and ran away into the forest. And never returned to the hut of the three bears.

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Biologi kelas XI semester 1 Jaringan Tumbuhan

21.57 |

Jaringan Tumbuhan

Jaringan Meristem

Jaringan Meristem disusun oleh sel-sel yang selalu aktif membelah.Aktivitas pembelahan tersebut menyebabkan tumbuhan bertambah tinggi dan besar.
Berdasarkan letaknya, meristem dibedakan menjadi 3 yaitu :

Meristem Ujung (Apikal)
Meristem Samping (Lateral)
Meristem Interkalar

Meristem berdasarkan letaknya
} Meristem Apikal
Terdapat pada ujung akar dan ujung batang.Meristem ini menyebabkan tumbuhan bertambah panjang dan tinggi.
} Meristem Lateral
Terletak antara bagian alat-alat tumbuhan.Menyebabkan tumbuhan bertambah besar ke samping.Misalnya kambium pembuluh.
} Meristem Interkalar
Terletak antara jaringan meristem primer dewasa.Contohnya di pangkal ruas batang rumput-rumputan.
Berdasarkan asalnya, Meristem dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu :

Meristem Primer

Berasal dari sel-sel initial yang disebut Promeristem yang berdasarkan teori Haberlandt, Promeristem akan berkembang menjadi :
1. Protoderm, yang akan berdeferensiasi menjadi jaringan epidermis.
2. Prokambium, yang akan berdeferensiasi menjadi sistem jaringan pengangkut.
3. Meristem dasar, yang akan berkembang menjadi parenkim (jaringan dasar).

Meristem Sekunder

Berkembang dari jaringan yang telah berdeferensiasi.Contohnya adalah kambium.
Struktur Meristem Apikal

Struktur Meristem Lateral

Struktur Meristem Interkalar

B. Jaringan Permanen
Jaringan ini merupakan jaringan yang sudah tidak aktif membelah lagi dan sudah mengalami diferensiasi dari sel-sel meristem.
Jaringan Permanen terdiri dari :
1) Jaringan Epidermis
2) Jaringan Parenkim
3) Jaringan Penunjang
4) Jaringan Pengangkut
1) Jaringan Epidermis
2) Adalah jaringan yang berada paling luar dari tumbuhan yang berfungsi untuk melindungi lapisan sel yang ada dibawahnya.
3) Epidermis dapat berkembang menjadi derivat epidermis, seperti Stomata dan Trikoma.
Derivat Epidermis
} Stomata
Adalah celah yang ada pada epidermis organ tumbuhan.Paling banyak terdapat pada daun pada tumbuhan hijau.
} Trikoma
Trikoma mempunyai banyak peranan seperti menyerap air dan garam mineral, mengurangi gangguan hewan dan mengurangi penguapan pada daun.
Struktur Stomata

Macam-Macam Trikoma

2) Jaringan Parenkim
Disebut juga jaringan dasar karena hampir pada setiap tumbuhan akan terdapat jaringan ini.
Memiliki membran sel yang tipis, mempunyai vakuola berisi zat makanan, memiliki kloroplas dan berbentuk poligonal dengan ruang pertukaran udara.
Berdasarkan fungsinya jaringan parenkim dapat dibedakan menjadi :

Parenkim Asimilasi (Klorenkim) yang banyak mengandung klorofil untuk fotosintesis.
Parenkim udara (Aerenkim) untuk pertukaran udara pada tumbuhan air.
Parenkim Air berfungsi untuk menyimpan air pada tumbuhan Xerofit dan Epifit.
Parenkim Makanan untuk menyimpan cadangan makanan seperti pada umbi-umbian.
Parenkim Pengangkut untuk menghubungkan jaringan luar dengan dalam disebut juga parenkim jari-jari empulur.

Struktur Parenkim

4) Jaringan Penunjang
Jaringan ini berfungsi untuk kekuatan pada tumbuhan tingkat tinggi.Sesuai fungsinya, maka jaringan ini memiliki dinding sel yang tebal, mengandung lignin dan zat-zat lain yang memberi sifat keras pada dinding sel.
Jaringan ini dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu :
1. Kolenkim
2. Sklerenkim
Kolenkim
Kolenkim terjadi dari prokambium.Pada tumbuhan dikotil terdapat pada daun, batang dan bunga.Sedangkan pada tumbuhan mono- kotil pada daun dan batangnya tidak terdapat Kolenkim karena, Sklerenkim terbentuk lebih dahulu.
Macam-Macam Kolenkim
1. Kolenkim Sudut (Angular) yang penebalannya pada bagian sudutnya dan memanjang mengikuti sumbu sel seperti pada tangkai daun Vitis sp.
2. Kolenkim Papan (Lamellar), penebalannya terjadi pada dinding sel yang sejajar permukaan organ jika dilihat secara melintang akan seperti papan.Contohnya korteks batang Sambucus javanica.
Tipe-Tipe Kolenkim

Sklerenkim
Hanya terdapat pada organ yang tidak lagi mengadakan pertumbuhan, tidak mengandung protoplas sehingga sel-selnya telah mati.Sklerenkim berfungsi untuk melindungi jaringan yang lebih lemah.
Sklerenkim dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu :
1. Serat (Fibers)
2. Sel-Sel Batu (Sklereid)
Serat

Sklereid
Dinding Sklereid tersusun atas selulosa yang mengandung zat lignin yang tebal dan keras.
5) Jaringan Pengangkut
Xilem (Pembuluh Kayu)
Fungsinya sebagai tempat pengangkutan air dan zat-zat mineral dari akar ke daun.Pada umumnya terdiri dari sel-sel yang telah mati dam membran yang tebal sehingga bisa berfungsi sebagai penguat.
Unsur-unsur utama Xilem adalah :
1. Trakeid, fungsinya sebagai unsur penopang dan penhantar air.
2. Parenkim Xilem, berfungsi sebagai tempat cadangan makanan berupa zat tepung.
3. Trakea atau komponen pembuluh.
Floem (Pembuluh Tapis)
Berfungsi untuk mengangkut zat makanan hasil fotosintesis dan menyebarkannya ke seluruh bagian tumbuhan.
Unsur-unsur Floem, yaitu :
1. Buluh atau Tabung tapis
2. Sel Pengiring
3. Serabut Floem
4. Parenkim Floem
Macam-Macam Letak Xilem dan Floem
a. Kolateral > Dimana Xilem dan Floem berdampingan dengan Floem berada diluar.
b. Konsentris > Xilem dikelilingi Floem atau sebaliknya.Umumnya dijumpai pada Pteridophyta.
c. Radial > Xilem dan Floem bergantian menurut arah jari-jari lingkaran.

Kultur Jaringan
Merupakan cara perbanyakan tumbuhan secara invitro.Invitro adalah penanaman jaringan atau organ tumbuhan di luar lingkungan tumbuhnya.
Kultur jaringan didasarkan pada Teori Totipotensi yang menyatakan bahwa, setiap sel hidup memiliki kemampuan bereproduksi, membentuk organ dan berkembang menjadi individu baru yang sempurna jika ditumbuhkan pada media dan lingkungan yang sesuai.
Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Kultur Jaringan
Kelebihan.
1. Dapat menghasilkan jumlah bibit tanaman yang banyak dalam waktu singkat.
2. Tidak memerlukan tempat yang luas.
3. Tidak tergantung pada musim.
4. Bibit yang dihasilkan sangat sehat karena steril.
5. Memungkinkan dilakukannya manipulasi genetik.
Kekurangan.

Memerlukan biaya besar karena harus dilakukan di laboratorium dan menggunakan bahan kimia.
Memerlukan keahlian khusus.
Memerlukan aklitimasi ke lingkungan eksternal.

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English Report Text

English Descriptive Text

English Direct and Indirect Speech

English Narrative Text

Biologi kelas XI semester 1 Jaringan Tumbuhan